What is an enduring power of attorney?
An enduring power of attorney is a legal document which you can use to appoint a person to make decisions about your property or financial affairs should you lose mental capacity.
The person who makes an enduring power of attorney is known as ‘the principal'.
The person who you appoint to make decisions for you is known as ‘the attorney'.
The general principles of Powers of Attorney are the same Australia wide. Different pieces of legislation govern the precise rules in each State, however, they are easily summarised in one article.
Why make an enduring power of attorney
By making an enduring power of attorney, you are choosing who you want to manage your financial affairs should you lose the mental capacity to do this for yourself.
If you do not have an enduring power of attorney and you lose mental capacity, there may be no one with legal authority to manage your financial affairs.
This may mean that the Guardianship Tribunal or the Supreme Court will need to appoint a financial manager for you. This may or may not be the same person you might have appointed, had you chosen earlier.
‘General' power of attorney or ‘Enduring' power of attorney
A general power of attorney ceases to have effect after you lose the mental capacity to make financial decisions.
It is most suitable where you may be away or unavailable for extended periods – for example, in hospital or on holiday. An enduring power of attorney will continue even after you lose mental capacity (for example, if you develop dementia, have a stroke or sustain a brain injury in a car accident).
You can make an Enduring Power of Attorney at any time, in preparation for the future.
Attorney’s control of decisions
The attorney can make decisions about your property or financial affairs.
This means that they can operate your bank accounts, pay your bills, and sell or buy property (such as your house or shares) on your behalf. An enduring power of attorney cannot be used to make medical or lifestyle decisions for you. However, you can appoint an enduring guardian to make these decisions.
The Guardianship Office in your State can give you information about enduring guardianship.
Am I eligible to make an EPoA?
Anyone can make an enduring power of attorney if they have the mental capacity to understand the nature and effect of the power of attorney. People of any age (not just older people) can make an enduring power of attorney. It acts as a safeguard.
Capacity required
To make a valid enduring power of attorney, the person making it must have mental capacity when they sign the document. At that time, the person must be capable of understanding the nature and effect of the enduring power of attorney.
They must be capable of understanding the range of decisions which the attorney can make on their behalf. They should also understand that the attorney can make decisions without consulting them.
If it is not clear if a person has the required mental capacity to make an enduring power of attorney, it is best to seek advice from a GP or specialist (such as a neuropsychologist or geriatrician) before the enduring power of attorney is made.
Choice of attorney
An attorney can have enormous power over your financial affairs. You should choose an attorney whom you trust and who will manage your finances in a responsible way. If your financial affairs are complicated, you should appoint an attorney who has the skills to deal with complex financial arrangements.
You may wish to appoint a family member or a close friend as your attorney.
You can also appoint the Public Trustee or a trustee company but fees will apply. You should contact these organisations for more information. Be careful however – if you choose someone the same age as you, there is a higher chance of them becoming incapable soon after you, than if you appoint someone much younger.
You can appoint more than one attorney. When appointing more than one attorney, you should choose people who can cooperate with each other and who you trust to work together in your best interests. You can appoint your attorneys to act:
- jointly and severally (this means that the attorneys can make decisions together or separately),
- severally (this means that any one of the attorneys can make decisions independently of the other attorneys),
- jointly (the attorneys must agree on all decisions).
What if one of my attorneys dies or cannot continue for some reason?
Your power of attorney may be affected if one of your attorneys dies or cannot continue in their role.
This depends on how you appointed the attorneys.
If you appointed them to act jointly and one of them is no longer willing or able to carry out their duties, then this will automatically end the enduring power of attorney.
However, if you appointed your attorneys to act jointly and severally or severally then the enduring power of attorney will continue, even when one of them can no longer act. The remaining attorneys can keep making decisions for you.
Attorney’s powers
You can give your attorney the power to make any decision or do anything about your finances or property which you could do yourself.
These broad powers include selling, buying or leasing property (such as your house), making investments, accessing cash (including bank accounts) and buying or selling shares.
You can control the power you give to the attorney by placing limits or conditions in the enduring power of attorney.
For example, you can give the attorney limited authority to do specific tasks, such as paying regular bills but not selling property.
If you wish to limit your attorney's powers you should seek legal advice about the best way to do this.
Duties and responsibilities of an attorney
An attorney is in an important position of trust. The attorney is legally responsible to you and must:
- always act only in your best interests;
- avoid doing anything as an attorney which would mean that their interests conflict with your interests;
- obey your instructions while you are mentally capable and any directions you make in the enduring power of attorney;
- act according to any limits or conditions placed on their authority;
- not give gifts or give themselves or others a benefit using your finances unless you specifically authorise this;
- keep their finances and money separate from yours;
- keep accurate and proper records of their dealings with your finances or property.
If your attorney abuses their position of trust, legal action can be taken to protect your interests.
When does an enduring power of attorney start?
You can choose when you would like your enduring power of attorney to start.
You may want the enduring power of attorney to start immediately after you appoint the attorney or at some future date. When you make an enduring power of attorney, you should make it clear when you want it to start.
If you do not make this clear, then the enduring power of attorney will start when the attorney accepts the appointment by signing the enduring power of attorney.
When does an enduring power of attorney end?
An enduring power of attorney ends:
- when you revoke it (so long as you have mental capacity at that time);
- on your death;
- when you have only appointed one attorney and that attorney dies or can no longer act as your attorney;
- when you have appointed two or more attorneys to act jointly and one of them dies or can no longer act as your attorney.
The enduring power of attorney may also end for more complex legal reasons such as bankruptcy. You should seek legal advice about these matters.
If your enduring power of attorney has ended and you no longer have the mental capacity to make a new one, the Guardianship Tribunal may be able to make orders so the enduring power of attorney can continue.
For example, if your enduring power of attorney has ended because a jointly appointed attorney has died, the Tribunal has the power to reinstate the enduring power of attorney so that it can continue in your best interests.
How do I make an enduring power of attorney?
Net Lawman supply forms for every state.
Witnesses
An enduring power of attorney must include a witness's certificate completed and signed by an appropriate witness. The witness must be present when you sign your enduring power of attorney. The only witnesses who can witness your signature on an enduring power of attorney and complete the certificate are:
- an Australian solicitor or barrister
- a registrar of a state Local Court
- a licensed conveyancer or an employee of the Public Trustee/private trustee company who has completed an approved course
- a qualified overseas lawyer.
Your enduring power of attorney cannot be witnessed by someone who you are also appointing as your attorney (for example if you are appointing your solicitor as your attorney then he or she cannot also be your witness).
Registration
If your attorney needs to use the enduring power of attorney to deal with any real estate you own in your state, then, in most cases, the enduring power of attorney must be registered with Land and Property Services.
There is a fee charged for registering an enduring power of attorney. Even if there is no requirement to register the enduring power of attorney, you may choose to do so because that means the enduring power of attorney:
- will be on record as a public document;
- will be kept safe from loss or destruction;
- may be more easily accepted as evidence that your attorney has authority to deal with your property or financial affairs.
After registration, your original enduring power of attorney will be returned to you with a registration number stamped on it. Your attorney should use this number when signing any documents on your behalf.
Revocation
You can revoke your enduring power of attorney at any time so long as you have mental capacity to understand what you are doing when you revoke it. You should notify the attorney(s) that you have revoked the enduring power of attorney either by telling them or in writing.
It is clearer for everyone if you revoke the enduring power of attorney in writing, especially if it is registered at Land and Property Services office. If you do not tell the attorney about the revocation, the attorney can keep dealing with your finances and property. After revocation, you should destroy the original and any copies of the enduring power of attorney. You can purchase a deed of revocation from Net Lawman.
Can an interstate enduring power of attorney be used in another state?
Yes. If an enduring power of attorney was made in another Australian state or territory then it is generally automatically recognised in any other state. This does not apply to enduring powers of attorney which are made overseas.
What is the Guardianship Tribunal's role in relation to enduring powers of attorney?
If there is a problem with how the enduring power of attorney is working, an application can be made to the Guardianship Tribunal or the Supreme Court for a review of the enduring power of attorney. The Guardianship Tribunal and the Supreme Court have the power to make a wide range of orders about enduring powers of attorney. For example, the Guardianship Tribunal could order the replacement of an appointed attorney if it was satisfied the attorney is not acting in the best interests of the person who appointed them.
You should seek legal advice if you are considering this and explore other options of resolving the problem. You can also contact the Guardianship Tribunal for information and brochures about reviews of enduring powers of attorney.
After the form is completed there is no requirement to formally lodge it anywhere unless the attorney needs to deal with land. Keep the completed appointment form in a safe place. Tell someone else where it is. Give a copy to your appointed attorney(s).