This article explains when a worker is an employee and when they are an independent contractor in the eyes of employment and taxation law.
This information is based on the Independent Contractors Act 2006 (IC Act), together with consequential amendments to the Workplace Relations Act. It will be useful reading for all employers, independent contractors and ‘consultants’.
Purpose of the Act
The principal objects of the IC Act are to:
Allow independent contractors the freedom to enter into services contracts
To recognise independent contracting as a legitimate form of work arrangement that is primarily commercial, and
To prevent interference with the terms of genuine independent contracting arrangements.
Genuine independent contactor arrangements are governed by principles of commercial and contract law, not by industrial and employment law. The IC Act achieves this outcome by overriding various State employment and industrial laws that currently impact upon independent contractor arrangements.
Does the Act apply to me?
The Act applies to “services contracts”. A services contract is a contract for services to which an independent contractor is a party and relates to the performance of work by the independent contractor.
The Act does not provide a definition of independent contractor. Accordingly, the term has its normal common law meaning. The common law test to distinguish between employees and independent contractors has proved difficult to apply in practice to many work arrangements. Very briefly, an independent contractor controls how he carries out his work. He is likely to have special knowledge which prohibits the client from supervising how the work is progressed. An employee however, is supervised by the employer completely.
More on whether you are governed by the Act
It is important to be aware that several other pieces of legislation have a different definition of who is an ‘independent contractor’, including those relating to Work Cover. This simply means that if you are an independent contractor covered by the independent contractors laws, you will not necessarily be a contractor for other laws.
Below we compare employee and independent contractor
Employee
Independent contractor
Lawful authority to command
Under a contract of service, the payer usually has the right to direct the way in which the work is done. Of course, where the nature of the work involves the professional skill or judgement of the worker, the degree of control over the manner of the performance is diminished. What is important is the lawful authority to command that rests with the payer.
The hallmark of a contract for services is that the contract is one for a given result. The contractor works to achieve the results in terms of the contract. The contractor works on her/his own account, i.e. a plumber.
How the work is performed
Tasks are performed at the request of the employer. The worker is said to be working in the business of the payer.
An independent contractor enters into a contract for a specific tasks or series of tasks. The contractor maintains a high level of discretion and flexibility as to how the work is to be performed. However, the contract may contain precise terms as to materials used and methods of performance, and still be one for services.
Risk
An employee bears little or no risk. An employee is not exposed to any commercial risk. This is borne by the employer. Further, the employer is generally responsible for any loss resulting from poor work.
An independent contractor stands to make a profit or loss on the task. She or he bears the commercial risk. The contractor bears the responsibility and liability for any poor work or injury sustained in the performance of the task. Generally a contractor would be expected to carry her/his own insurance policy.
Place of performance
A worker under contract of service will generally perform the tasks on the payer's premises.
A contractor on the other hand will generally provide all their own assets and may work at a number of locations.
Hours of work
An employee generally works standard or set hours.
An independent contractor generally sets their own hours of work.
Leave entitlements
An employment contract will generally provide annual leave, long service leave, sick leave and other benefits and allowances.
Generally an independent contract would not contain leave provisions (although mere non payment does not simply make the contract one for services).
Remuneration
An employee is generally paid an hourly rate, piece rates or award rates.
Payment to an independent contractor is based upon the performance of the contract.
Expenses
An employee is generally reimbursed for expenses incurred in the course of employment.
An independent contractor is responsible for their own expenses.
Appointment
An employee is generally recruited through an advertisement by the employer
An independent contractor is likely to advertise their services to the public at large
Termination
An employer reserves the right to dismiss an employee at any time (subject to any state or federal laws).
An independent contractor is contracted to complete a set task. The payer may only terminate the contract without penalty where the worker has not fulfilled the conditions of the contract. The contract will usually contain terms dealing with defaults made by either party
Delegation
An employee has no inherent right to delegate tasks to another. However, there may be a power to delegate some duties to other employees
An independent contractor may delegate all or some of the tasks to another person and may employ other persons.
Equipment
Plant and equipment is usually provided by the employer
The contract usually specifies who is to provide the plant and equipment. This is usually the responsibility of the contractor.
Scheduling of work
An employer determines or controls the time frame within which the work is to be performed.
The work would be performed in accordance with agreed schedules and consistent with the obligations under the contract.
Expectation of work
An employee usually has an ongoing expectation of work.
A contractor is usually engaged for a specific task.
Method of payment
An employer usually pays an employee according to an award or employment agreement.
A contractor usually invoices the person who engages them for their services
Taxation
An employee pays PAYG tax which the employer pays on behalf of the employee.
A contractor usually deals with her/his own tax.
Relationship to the business
An employee is usually an integral part of the employer's business
A contractor's work is usually an accessory to the business.
Ability accept other work
A full-time employee is usually restricted to work for the one employer during normal business hours
A contractor can accept as many contracts as they wish.
Right to refuse work
An employee does not have the right to continually refuse a reasonable task.
A contractor usually agrees to the tasks beforehand. The contract governs the tasks that must be performed.
Will I still be covered by Work Cover if I am an independent contractor? The independent contractor laws will not affect the Work Cover laws. If you are ‘deemed’ to be an employee under workers’ compensation laws, or any other state law other than an industrial relations Act, that law will continue to operate.
If by chance you find some error of law or fact in any Net Lawman information page, do please tell us. We should also welcome your suggestions for new subjects for information pages. These notes:
Do not provide a complete or authoritative statement of the law;
Do not constitute legal advice by Net Lawman;
Do not create a contractual relationship;
Do not form part of any other advice, whether paid or free.
